pen spot

The Effectiveness of The Variety of Clean Fluid to Let Disappear Ballpoint Pen Ink of Cloth


PROPOSAL
Presented to complete assignment of methodology course
Educated by Prof.Da.Herawati SusiloM.Si and Dr.Hadi Suwono,M.Si


by:
Susi Munawaroh (108341409786)
Rifqi Hardiana P. (108341410885)












BIOLOGY EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE FACULTY
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MALANG
November 2009

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Most of people, especially students can’t free from spot of ballpoint pen ink, because ballpoint pen ink is fluid which used to support study process. Often when used it, ballpoint pen ink touch the cloth. And now not yet know what a substance which can disappear spot of ballpoint pen ink from cloth effectively.
A ballpoint pen (also eponymously known in British English and Australian English as a biro ) is a modern writing instrument. Ball point pen ink is not a something that you can usually remove with simple soap and water, but there is an easy and inexpensive way to remove pen ink from surfaces or clothing. (Helmenstine, 2009)
There are various of fluid which can dissolve the spot of ballpoint pen ink from cloth, they are petrol, citric acid, kerosin, detergen, and alcohol. To fit this facts, so necessary know what the clean fluid which most effective to disappear the spot of ballpoint pen ink from cloth.

1.2 Problematic formula
According to the background above, the problematic formula which appropriate are :
1. What a characteristic of ballpoint pen ink?
2. How comparasion of variety clean fluid to disappear the spot of ballpoint ink from cloth?
3. How disappear the spot of ballpoint ink from cloth?

1.3 Purpose
According to the problematic formula above, the purpose of experiment are :
1. To know the characteristic of ballpoint pen ink
2. To know the comparasion of variety clean fluid to disappear the spot of ballpoint ink from cloth.
3. To know how disappear the spot of ballpoint ink from cloth.

1.4 Adventages of experiment
The adventages of this experiment are :
1. Give information to society about characteristic of ballpoint ink
2. Give information to society about most effective clean fluid to disappear the spot of ballpoint ink from cloth.
3. Give information to society how disappear the spot of ballpoint ink from cloth.

1.5 Definition of variable
1. Independent variable : the kind of fluid
In this experiment, we use 4 different kind of fluid, there are alcohol,citric acid, petrol, and kerosin.
2. Dependent variable : The pen’s spot will be disappear.
The disappear can measure with paper level of whiteness. We can classify it with ranking (less white (1), white medium (2), and whiteness (3))
3. Control group: detergen
Detergen is fluid that often use to wash anything so it can be the control.

1.6 Hypothesis
In this experiment the hypothesis is: “ If the chemical activity of the fluid incresed, then the pen’s spot of cloth will be disappear.”











UNIT II
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Ballpoint Pen Ink
Ballpoint pen (also eponymously known in British English and Australian English as a biro and pronounped /ˈbaɪroʊ/ BYE-roh in Britain and Australia but sometimes /ˈbɪəroʊ/ BEER-oh elsewhere, named after its credited, though contested, inventor László Bíró) is a modern writing instrument. A ballpoint pen has an internal chamber filled with a viscous ink that is dispensed at tip during use by the rolling action of a small metal sphere (0.7 mm to 1.2 mm in diameter) of brass, steel or tungsten carbide
The ink dries almost immediately after contact with paper. Inexpensive, reliable and maintenance-free, the ballpoint has replaced the fountain pen as the most popular tool for everyday writing. When ballpoint pen ink touch the cloth, to difficult to disappear it with simple soap and water. (Helmenstine, 2009)
Ink is a complex media, contain of solvent, pigment, dig, resin, and pelumas, sollubizer (material which form polar polymer ions with waterproof resin), surfactant (wet element which drop surface pressure a fluid and between two fluid).

2. Petrol
Petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture, primarily used as fuel in internal combustion engines. It is also used as a solvent, mainly known for its ability to dilute paints. Gasoline contains about 32.0 MJ/L (9.67 kWh/L, 132 MJ/US gal or 36.6 kWh/US gal). This is an average; gasoline blends differ, and therefore actual energy content varies from season to season and from batch to batch, by up to 4% more or less than the average, according to the US EPA. On average, about 19.5 US gallons (16.2 imp gal; 74 L) of gasoline are available from a 42-US-gallon (35 imp gal; 160 L) barrel of crude oil (about 46% by volume), varying due to quality of crude and grade of gasoline. The remaining residue comes off as products ranging from tar to naptha. It consists mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with iso-octane or the aromatic hydrocarbons toluene and benzene to increase its octane rating.

3. Kerosene
Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage, also known as paraffin, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid. The name is derived from Greek keros (κηρός wax). The word Kerosene was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 and for several years only the North American Gas Light Company and the Downer Company (to which Gesner had granted the right) were allowed to call their lamp oil kerosene, It eventually became a genericized trademark.
Kerosin is non polar solution. Kerosene is a thin, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons, with density of 0.78-0.81g/cm3. Kerosene is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 °C and 275 °C, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule.[5] The flash point of kerosene is between 37 and 65 °C (100–150 °F) and its autoignition temperature is 220 °C (428 °F).[6] Kerosene is insoluble in water (cold or hot), but miscible in petroleum solvent.

4. Citric acid
The particular variety of Citric Acid offered by Mountain Rose Herbs is USP grade and is soluble in water and very soluble in alcohol. Can be used for both cosmetic and culinary use.
Citric acid is a very useful and effective preservative, obtained from naturally occurring organic acids. It exists in many different fruits and vegetables, but is especially concentrated in lemons and limes. Although it is also produced in refineries by using cane sugar, molasses, and dextrose, the citric acid stocked by Mountain Rose Herbs comes from the fermentation of crude fruit sugars. Citric acid is used extensively in the food, beverage, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. It has been recognized as safe by all major national and international food regulatory agencies, and is also approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and in Europe for use in food. Citric acid is used for many different reasons, including (but not limited to): Antioxidant and preservative properties, prevents rancidity and bacteria growth, astringency and Acidity, used in sourdough bread for an extra tart taste (known as "sour salt" among bakers), adjusts pH, stabilizes the ingredients, color, taste, and flavor of a product, rapidly biodegradable, readily metabolized and eliminated from the body
Undeniably, citric acid is a very important ingredient for use in natural body care and cosmetic recipes. Not only does citric acid have many varied applications and uses, but it has also been approved by the FDA and other food regulatory agencies. Furthermore, since citric acid is present in almost every life form, it is consequently easily metabolized and eliminated from the body.
Citric acid is often a base ingredient in bath bomb recipes, and is the agent responsible for the "fizzing" action. In the majority of body care recipes, it is used in small proportions, usually not making up more than 0.5% of the total solution. At room temperature, citric acid is a white powdered form. However, it may be dissolved and easily incorporated into your recipes by heating it in a liquid mixture to a temperature above 74 degrees Celcius.

5. Alcohol
Alcohol is created when grains, fruits, or vegetables are fermented. Fermentation is a process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the sugars in the food into alcohol. Fermentation is used to produce many necessary items — everything from cheese to medications. Alcohol has different forms and can be used as a cleaner, an antiseptic, or a sedative.
So if alcohol is a natural product, why do teens need to be concerned about drinking it? When people drink alcohol, it's absorbed into their bloodstream. From there, it affects the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), which controls virtually all body functions. Because experts now know that the human brain is still developing during our teens, scientists are researching the effects drinking alcohol can have on the teen brain.





UNIT III
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

A. Kind of experiment : Quantitative experiment
B. Equipments and Materials
-Tools:
Boils (15)
Scissor (1)
Spoon (5)
Paper level of whiteness (1)
Beaker Glass (1)
-Materials:
Kind of fluid
Kerosene (6 spoonfull)
Petrol (6 spoonfull)
Alcohol (6 spoonfull)
Detergen liquid (as a control) (6 spoonfull)
Citric acid (50 gr) + 90ml water
Water (1500ml)
Cloth (10cm x 10cm) (15 pieces)

C. Procedure:
1. Prepare tools and materials
2. Make a citric acid liquid 50 %
a. Enter 50 gr of citric acid into beaker glass and add water until 100ml
b. Then mix it with spoon
3. Cut the cloth become 12 piece with a scissor (size of each piece is 10cm x 10cm)
4. Give ballpoint pen ink’s spot to each clothes ( the spot is dot with same diameter 0,5cm)
5. Available 15 boils
6. Enter 1 cloth (that give a dot spot) into each boil
7. Enter alcohol into 3 boils which each boil is 2 spoonfull
8. Enter petrol into 3 boils which each boil is 2 spoonfull
9. Enter kerosene into 3 boils which each boil is 2 spoonfull
10. Enter citric acid liquid 50 % each 3 boils which each boil is 2 spoonfull
11. Enter detergen into 3 boils which each boil is 2 spoonfull
12. Let after it for one hour
13. And then take it
14. After that rub the each cloth
15. Give each cloth with 100ml water
16. Dry and compare it
17. Put in the data on table which available.

D. The way to collect data and experimental instrument
We measure the disappear of cloth with paper level of whiteness. So we must compare the cloth before. After that we can classify it with ranking (less white, white medium, and whiteness).
The table available:
Trials
3 times Control
(detergen) Kind of fluid
Alcohol Petrol Citric acid Kerosene
1 1 cloth 1 cloth 1 cloth 1 cloth 1 cloth
2 1 cloth 1 cloth 1 cloth 1 cloth 1 cloth
3 1 cloth 1 cloth 1 cloth 1 cloth 1 cloth

E. Analysis data
We analize the data of experiment with t- test. T test is use for comparing the data which have more than 2 treatment.





UNIT IV
REFERENCE


Anonim, 2009. (online)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpoint_pen, diakses 13 November 2009.

Helmenstine, Anne Marie. 2009. (online)
http://kidshealth.org/teen/drug_alcohol/alcohol/alcohol.html. diakses 13 November 2009.

Anonim, 2009. (online)
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkohol. diakses 13 November 2009

Anonim, 2009. (online)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid, diakses 13 November 2009.

Anonim, 2009. (online)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The fuel and industrial solvent, diakses 8 November 2009.